REVIEW 9: 1917 TO 1941

I. WORLD WAR I: American neutrality; Lusitania 1915; Zimmerman Note 1917;
German declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare; Jeanette Rankin,
April 6, 1917; American Expeditionary Force, John Pershing; Nov. 11, 1918;
Fourteen Points, Treaty of Versailles, League of Nations, Irreconcilables

II. WILSON AND CIVIL LIBERTIES: Espionage Act 1917; Sedition Act 1918;
1919 and 1920 Strikes (Boston Police Strike, Coolidge); Red Scare 1919'
Palmer Raids; Sacco-Vanzetti Case

III. THE ROARING TWENTIES

A. Harding Administration: Ohio Gang; Veterans Bureau Scandal
1923; Teapot Dome Scandal 1924; (echoes of Kitchen Cabinet; Spoils
System, Grant Administration; Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)

B. Coolidge Administration: "The business of America is business.";
Andrew Mellon Secretary of the Treasury

C. Welfare Capitalism: paternalistic policies used by industrialists
to weaken the union movement - bonuses, insurance plans, profit-
sharing, medical services; applied to limited number of workers

D. "American Plan": Corporate leaders crusade for the open shop

E. Farmers: declining farm and income due to overproduction

F. Popular Culture: Consumerism, installment buying, growth of the
motion picture industry, KDKA 1920 Pittsburgh, growth of public
recreation (baseball, swimming, golf courses, tennis courts);
growth of professional sports, jazz, proliferation of the automobile

G. The Lost Generation: Alienation, disillusionment; Hemingway,
Lewis, Fitzgerald, O'Neill

H. New Woman: flappers (minority)

I. Harlem Renaissance: Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Claude McKay

J. Marcus Garvey: "Return to Africa" movement

II. RESPONSE TO NEW IMMIGRATION (southern and eastern Europe)

A. Immigration Act of 1921: limited to 3% of total # of persons of a
nationality residing in U.S. in 1910

B. Cable Act (1922): A woman who was a citizen could not lose her
citizenship if she married an alien.

C. Immigration Act of 1924: Limited annual # of immigrants to
164,000; quotas based on 1890 census; banned immigration from East
Asia

D. National Origins Act (1929): Limited annual # of immigrants to
150,000; quotas based on 1920 census

Page 2

E. Ku Klux Klan: Example of nativism; targeted Catholics, Jews,
foreigners, blacks

F. Fundamentalism: Traditional Protestant beliefs; Scopes Trial (1925)

G. Prohibition (1920): 18th. Amendment implemented by Volstead Act

III. FOREIGN POLICY OF THE 1920'S: Washington Naval Conference (1921-22),
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), Dawes Plan (1924), Young Plan (1929), War
Debt Moratorium, Latin American interventions

IV. GREAT DEPRESSION

A. Causes: 1) Overproduction; 2) underconsumption by average person;
3) lax bank and credit structure; 4) speculation; 5) decline in
American exports; 6) depressed farm economy; 7) international debt
structure; stock market crash (1929)

B. Hoover's Response: Refusal to establish direct relief, encouraged
business leaders to maintain wages and production; Hawley-Smoot
Tariff 1930 (raised tariffs, other countries responded by raising
theirs); Revenue Act of 1932 (tax increase); Reconstruction Finance
Corporation 1932 (supply side concept)

C. Bonus Army March (1932): Veterans demand bonuses promised for
1945; Hoover ordered them removed

D. Farm Holiday Association (1932): Milo Reno advocated withholding
farm products to raise prices; little effect

V. FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT: Brains Trust, Fireside Chats; RELIEF,
RECOVERY, REFORM (See New Deal Handout)

A. First Hundred Days (March 9 - June 16, 1933).

B. 1933 Legislation: Bank Holiday, Emergency Banking Act, Economy
Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation established by Glass-
Steagall Banking Act, Truth in Securities Act (resulted in 1934
creation of Securities and Exchange Commission), AGRICULTURAL
ADJUSTMENT ACT (subsidies, parity payments), NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL
RECOVERY ACT, Civilian Conservation Corps, Tennessee Valley Authority

C. Emergency Relief Appropriations Act (1935): Created WPA

D. Social Security Act (1935): old age, survivors, and disability
pensions; unemployment compensation

E. National Labor Relations Act (1935): Wagner Act; NLR Board could
investigate unfair labor practices

F. Wheeler-Howard Act (1935): Indian Reorganization Act; return to
tribal land organization
G. Court-Packing Plan (1937)

VI. NEW DEAL CRITICS: Dr. Francis Townsend, Father Charles Coughlin,
Huey Long (Share-our-Wealth Plan)