REVIEW 8: 1890 TO 1916

I. AGRARIAN UNREST

A. Grange Movement (1867): Patrons of Husbandry, promotion of
agriculture and scientific techniques; Granger laws passed in some
states to regulate railroad rates and grain elevator owners

B. Farmers' Alliances (1873): stressed cooperation among farmers,
promoted education, social gatherings

C. Populist Party (1891)

1. Supported: a) free and unlimited coinage of silver;
b) government ownership of the railroads, telegraph, telephone;
c) graduated income tax; d) direct election of U.S. Senators;
e) postal savings banks; f) initiative, referendum, recall

2. 1892 presidential candidate James B. Weaver received 22
electoral votes

3. Party disappeared after 1908 because: a) it failed to get
support from labor; b) its political objectives were adopted
by the major parties; c) farmer support declined as their
situation improved in the late 1890's

II. THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT

A. Beliefs: 1) sought to end abuses of power (monopolies, government);
2) wished to reform institutions of society; 3) applied scientific
and efficiency principles to economic, political, and social
institutions; 4) SAW GOVERNMENT AS A TOOL TO ACHIEVE THEIR GOALS

B. Social Gospel Movement: Evangelical Christian movement that
emphasized social responsibility as a means to salvation. The
Salvation Army is an example of this movement.

C. Muckrakers: Name given to crusading writers who exposed graft,
corruption, and dishonesty; coined by T. Roosevelt; Included Ida
Tarbell, Lincoln Steffins, Jacob Riis, Upton Sinclair

D. Settlement House Movement: Promoted education, appreciation of
the arts, improved housing, better jobs to improve lives of slum
dwellers; Run by middle class women; Jane Addams Hull House Chicago

E. Women's Club Movement: Began with literacy and educational
activities then changed focus to social betterment

F. Political Reform: Attacked power of the political parties; gave
more power to the people and to non-partisan, non-elective officials

1. New Forms of City Government: City Commission, City Manager

2. Initiative, Referendum, Recall; Direct Primary; Suffragists

3. Robert LaFollette: Wisconsin Plan; U.S. Senator 1911; leader
of the national Progressive movement

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G. Moral Reform: temperance, Volstead Act 1919, Eighteenth Amendment;
anti-prostitution crusade, Mann or White Slave Traffic Act 1910

III. THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE SQUARE DEAL: advocated progressive
reforms (promised "square deal" in 1904 campaign)

A. Busting Bad Trusts: Northern Securities v United States 1902

B. Department of Commerce and Labor 1903

C. Elkin Act 1903: legislation forbidding railroad rebates, unfair
discrimination, adherence to published rates; Hepburn Act 1906:
gave ICC power to determine railroad rates, prohibited free passes

D. Consumer Protection: Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act -
both in 1906 (The Jungle)

E. Panic of 1907: Recovery made possible by J.P. Morgan who organized
a pool to prop up shaky financial institutions

F. Conservation: Newlands Reclamation Act 1902; Inland Waterways
Commission 1907; White House Conservation Conference 1908; Gifford
Pinchot - Chief Forester

IV. TAFT ADMINISTRATION: See Presidents Handout
V. WILSON'S NEW FREEDOM: aimed at Triple Wall of Privilege

A. Trusts: Advocated elimination of monopolies; Louis Brandeis - major
Progressive figure due to his investigations of monopolies; Wilson
nominated him to the Supreme Court in 1916 (first Jewish justice)

B. Underwood Simmons Tariff 1913: reduced tariffs, imposed first
income tax; followed by Sixteenth Amendment

C. Federal Reserve Act 1913: Provided a flexible currency system
through the creation of a 12 district Federal Reserve System

D. Federal Trade Commission 1914: Purpose to investigate the
operations of corporations

E. Clayton-Anti-Trust Act 1914: Strengthened Sherman Anti-Trust Act
of 1890

VI. AMERICAN IMPERIALISM: Expansion of Social Darwinism (strong nations
would inevitably dominate small ones)

VII. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 1898: Remember the Maine, Teller Amendment,
Rough Riders, Commodore George Dewey, Treaty of Paris

VIII. FOREIGN AFFAIRS

A. Teddy Roosevelt: Philippine Insurrection 1899-1902, Aguinaldo);
Hay Pauncefote Treaty 1901; Panama Revolution 1903; Cuba, Platt Amend
Roosevelt Corollary 1904 ("international police power" in LA); Treaty
of Portsmouth 1905 (ended Russo-Jap. War, TR got Nobel Peace Prize

B. Taft: Dollar Diplomacy (promoted business interests overseas