REVIEW 5: 1825 TO 1845

I. JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY: Age of the Common Man

A. Limited National Government: 1) veto of the recharter of the
National Bank ("pet banks"); 2) veto of Maysville Road Bill (no
federal funding for local improvements)

But, Strengthening of the presidency (liberal use of the veto-12);
"King Andrew"

B. Widening of the suffrage and voter participation: party
conventions to choose presidential candidates (1932); more eligible
voters

C. Civil Service Reform: Spoils System, "any American can do any
government job," reliance for advice on Kitchen Cabinet

D. Opposition to business monopoly - "moneyed interests"

E. Commitment to Jeffersonian "agrarian ideal" - rising
importance of the West

II. NULLIFICATION CONTROVERSY

A. Tariff of Abominations (1828): Calhoun's South Carolina
Exposition and Protest

B. Webster-Hayne Debate (1830): union "one and inseparable" vs. state
sovereignty and doctrine of nullification

C. Tariff of 1832: South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification; Jackson
threatens to use armed force; Calhoun resigns as VP; Force Bill;
Henry Clay's Compromise Tariff of 1833; South Carolina rescinds its
Nullification Ordinance

III. THE SECOND POLITICAL PARTY SYSTEM: See Study Guide 5A

A. Democrats: Opposition to concentrations of political and economic
power

B. Whigs: Opposed the "Jacksonian tyranny," supported a more active
national government, economic development, and humanitarian reform

IV. MANIFEST DESTINY: John L. O'Sullivan (1845)

A. Canada: 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty settled Maine-Canada border
dispute

B. James K. Polk: 1844 ran on expansionist platform

C. Oregon: 54'40 or Fight!, Oregon Treaty 1846 extended boundary at
49th. parallel

D. Texas: Annexation Treaty March, 1845

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V. GROWTH OF THE ECONOMY

A. Westward Migration: new lands opened to settlement; California
Gold Rush 1849

B. Agriculture: Backbone of the American economy through the first
half of the 19th. century; McCormick Reaper (1834); John Deere plow
(1837); King Cotton (South); Cattle Drives (West)

C. Transportation: Robert Fulton's steamboat (1807); National Road
(1818); Erie Canal 1825, Canal Era, Railroad Era 1830's+ (Peter
Cooper's "Tom Thumb"; Cunard trans-ocean steamships (1848)

D. Manufacturing: New England textile mills- Lowell system; "the
American System" of mass production; Goodyear vulcanized rubber
(1844); Elias Howe's sewing machine (1846)

E. Communication: Samuel Morse telegraph (1844); Pony Express pre-
Civil War

F. Growth of Cities: 3.3% in 1790, 16% in 1860; problems: tenements,
overcrowding, impure water supplies, inadequate sewage, increased
street crime necessitated police departments

VI. AGE OF REFORM

A. Transcendentalism: Stressed self-reliance; Emerson's "Oversoul";
Thoreau's Walden (1854)

B. Second Great Awakening (1800-1840): Charles G. Finney, growth of
Baptist and Presbyterian sects, new sects - Seventh Day Adventists,
Millerites, Mormons (Joseph Smith); NY "Burnt-Over District"

C. Utopian Communities: Shakers, Oneida Community, Robert Owen New
Harmony community (1825), Brook Farm

D. Temperance: American Temperance Society (1826), Dow laws begin in
Maine 1850's

E. Prison and Asylum Reform: Dorothea Dix

F. Women's Rights: Seneca Falls 1848, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady
Stanton, Susan B. Anthony; Margaret Fuller, Elizabeth Blackwell,
Sojourner Truth, Sarah and Angelina Grimke

G. Abolitionism: American Colonization Society (1817); Liberia 1822;
William Lloyd Garrison: immediate emancipation (The Liberator 1831);
Liberty Party 1840

H. Education: Horace Mann, Massachusetts, promotion of tax-supported
public schools; McGuffey's Readers, Noah Webster's Spellers; adult
education - lyceum movement