REVIEW 4: 1781 TO 1824

I. GOVERNMENT UNDER THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION (1778-1788)

A. Provisions: Unicameral legislature with the powers to 1) conduct
foreign relations; 2) settle disputes between states; 3) control
maritime affairs; 4) regulate Indian trade; 5) set the valuation of
state and national coinage.

B. Weaknesses: 1) 9/13 states had to approve a measure; 2) no
executive branch to carry out law; 3) no judicial branch to settle
state disputes; 4) NO POWER TO TAX; 5) NO POWER TO REGULATE TRADE
BETWEEN STATES OR WITH OTHER COUNTRIES; 6) each state retained its
sovereignty

C. The Critical Period: 1) currency problems; 2) failure to pay
prewar debts provided Britain an excuse to maintain military posts on
the Great Lakes; 3) British manufactured goods flooded the American
market; 4) 1784 Spain closes the Mississippi to American navigation;
5) SHAY'S REBELLION (1787): Massachusetts, farmers threatened with
high taxes and foreclosures stormed a federal armory, claimed
tyrannical government needed to be overthrown - IN A REPUBLIC REFORM
COMES THROUGH THE BALLOT BOX

D. Northwest Ordinance (1787): MOST IMPORTANT ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE
CONFEDERATION GOVERNMENT

1. Bill of Rights

2. Abolished slavery in the territory

3. Established process for residents to organize state governments
and apply for admission to the Union.

II. THE CONSTITUTION

A. Constitutional Convention (1787): Great Compromise, Three-Fifths
Compromise, federal system, separation of powers

B. Structure of the Constitution: Preamble,7 Articles,27 Amendments

C. Ratification: 9 out of 13 states required; Delaware first to
ratify, New Hampshire the ninth

1. Federalists: supported ratification; The Federalist:John Jay,
James Madison, Alexander Hamilton

2. Anti-Federalists: feared excessive federal power; desired a
Bill of Rights (Patrick Henry); their support was gained by
the promise of adding a Bill of Rights (1791)

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III. ESTABLISHING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT: The Washington Administration

A. Congress created executive departments: Cabinet; Washington appointed
Jefferson Sec. of St., Hamilton Sec. of the Treas., Knox Sec. of War

B. Judiciary Act of 1789: established the federal court system

C. Washington established precedents: "Mr. President," Cabinet as
advisors, minimized role of VP, principle of executive privilege,
little use of veto, two term limit

D. Economic Policies Under Hamilton: assumption of state debts
(national capital deal); chartering the national bank; excise tax on
whiskey (Whiskey Rebellion 1794 Pa.); Tariff of 1789 (revenue)

IV. THE FIRST POLITICAL PARTY SYSTEM: See Study Guide 4A

A. Federalists: led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams; favored
strong central government, broad interpretation of the Constitution,
support for commerce and business, close ties with Britain, order
and stability; strongest in northeast

B. Republicans: led by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson; stressed
states rights, strict interpretation of the Constitution, support
for agrarian life, sympathetic to France, stressed civil liberties
and trust in the people; strongest in South and West

V. THE NEW NATION AND FOREIGN POLICY

A. Washington: Citizen Genet Affair and American response to French
Revolution; Neutrality Proclamation (1793); Treaty of Greenville
1795; Jay's Treaty (1795-Britain); Pinckney's Treaty (1795-Spain);
Farewell Address (1796)

B. John Adams: X,Y,Z Affair (1798); Build-up of the Navy; Quasi-War
(1798-1800); Convention of 1800(terminated 1778 Alliance with France)
C. Thomas Jefferson: Barbary Coast Pirates (1803-1804); Purchase of
Louisiana (1803); impressment issue; Non-Importation Act, Embargo Act
(1807)

D. James Madison: War of 1812, Oliver Hazard Perry (Battle of Lake
Erie), British burn Washington DC, Battle of New Orleans, Treaty of
Ghent (status quo)

E. James Monroe: Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) - limited naval forces on
the Great Lakes; Convention of 1818 (U.S.-Canadian border at 49th.
parallel); Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) - purchase of Florida; Monroe
Doctrine (1823) - noncolonization, noninterference, nonintervention

VI. JOHN ADAMS AND POLITICAL DISSENT

A. Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

B. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798)

C. Judiciary Act of 1801: "Midnight Appointments"

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VII. TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE NATION: See Atlas

VIII. THE JEFFERSONIANS: Revolution of 1800 (peaceful transfer of power
from Federalists to Republicans)

A. Policies: Sedition and Naturalization Acts allowed to lapse;
federal excise taxes repealed; size of army and navy reduced

B. Jefferson: exhibited aura of democratic simplicity

C. Marshall Court: Marbury v. Madison (1803) - judicial review;
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) - precedence of national laws, implied
powers; Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) - sanctity of contracts;
Gibbon v. Ogden (1824) - congressional power over interstate commerce

IX. THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM

A. War of 1812: "War Hawks," "Second War of American Independence,"
"Mr. Madison's War

B. Growth of domestic manufacturing

C. Henry Clay - American System: National Bank, Internal Improvements,
Protective Tariff

D. Missouri Compromise (1820)