MAKING MODERN AMERICA, Part Six, pages 878-879

1. Cold War 1945-1991
2. Conflict in Korea
3. Vietnam War

a. What long-held American policy came to an end following WWII?
b. What country emerged virtually undamaged from the war?
c. What events mark the beginning and the end of the Cold War?
d. What did the Democratic Party stand for in the 1960's?
e. What was the nature of the American dream in the 1950's and 1960's?
f. What characterized life in the 1970's?
g. What colored every aspect of American foreign policy after WWII?
h. Define: Cold War.
 

THE COLD WAR BEGINS 1945-1952, Ch. 39, pages 880-907

I. THE POSTWAR ECONOMY pages 880-887

1. 1946 Republican congressional and gubernatorial victories; Republican-
    controlled Congress
2. Taft-Hartley Act 1947 (outlawed closed shop; imposed union liability for
    damages incurred during jurisdictional disputes; required union leaders to
    take a non-Communist oath), passed over Truman's veto
3. CIO, Operation Dixie, failed due to threat of racial mixing
4. sales of war factories and government installations to private businesses
5. Employment Act 1946: promoted maximum employment, production, and
    purchasing power; created Council of Economic Advisors
6. Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 - GI Bill of Rights: education,
    VA loans for home,farm. business purchases
7. economic boom 1950-1970; 60% of Americans middle class
8. growth of high-tech industries: aerospace, plastics, electronics; "R and
    D"; "think tanks" - Rand Corporation
9. productivity: the amount of output per hour of work
10. agribusiness
11. American mobility generates "advice" book genre; Dr. Benjamin Spock The
     Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care 1945
12. Sunbelt (see map page 885) vs. Frostbelt; 1963 California becomes most
     populous state; Rustbelt
13. Federal Housing Authority home loan guarantees, Veterans Administration
     home loan guarantees; construction boom, Levittowns, tract developments
14. white flight, plight of the inner cities; suburban shopping malls;
     discrimination in home loan approval; neighborhood composition rule in
     public housing
15. Baby Boom 1945-1960; 1973 below ZPG; disproportinate influence of the
     Baby Boomers in American history
16. "Missouri gang"; "The buck stops here."

a. What were the social results of joblessness and insecurity during the
    Great Depression?
b. What happened to GNP in 1946-47? Prices? Labor?
c. How did women benefit from the economic boom which began in 1950? What
    sparked a feminist revolt in the 1960's?
d. What movements were promoted by prosperity?
e. What factors promoted the economic boom?
f. What happened in the field of agriculture"
g. What were migrants to the Sunbelt looking for and what did they find?
h. What helped to fund southern prosperity?
i. What financial incentives encouraged the move to the suburbs?

II. SHAPING THE POST-WAR WORLD pages 887,890-894

1. Yalta, February 1945, FDR, Churchill, Stalin, Declaration of Liberated
    Europe, highpoint of the Grand Alliance, "spirit of Yalta," promise of
    free elections for Poland, Bulgaria, Romania; announcement of a San
    Francisco meeting to lay the groundwork for the United Nations
2. U.S. grants official recognition to the USSR 1933
3. Bretton Woods Conference, 1944: International Monetary Fund established to
    encourage world trade and regulate currency exchange rates, International
    Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) established to
    promote economic growth in underdeveloped areas
4. San Francisco Conference, April 25, 1945: United Nations charter, Security
    Council (United States, Britain, USSR, France, China), General Assembly
5. Bernard Baruch plan, rejected by Soviets
6. Nuremberg Trials, German war criminals, 1945-46
7. military occupation zones, development of East and West Germany; Soviet
    satellites in Eastern Europe; Churchill's "iron curtain," speech
8. Communist coup: Hungary (1947); satellite states
9. June 1948, West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany), Berlin airlift,
    blockade lifted May 1949, East Germany (German Democratic Republic)
 
 

a. What promises were made to Stalin at Yalta to induce him to enter the war
    against Japan?
b. What did American opponents of these agreements argue?
c. What did FDR supporters argue?
d. What grievances did the USSR hold against the United States?
e. What was the Soviet goal following WWII?
f. What early successes did the United Nations enjoy?
g. In what way did the United Nations fail?
h. What were the various goals of the Allies concerning how to deal with a
    defeated Germany?
 

III. THE SUBURBANITES pages 888-889

1. VA loans, FHA loans, Levittowns
2. home-centered activities; "car culture"
3. white flight, residential segregation

a. What policies encouraged the growth of suburbs?
b. What group was in the vanguard of the suburbanites?
c. What were the characteristics of the majority of suburbanites? 

IV. THE COLD WAR pages 894-898

1. (Walter Lippman, The Cold War (1947); Cold War, "mutual assured
    destruction" (MAD), Cold War Warriors)
2. 1946: Iran, (George F. Kennan's "long telegram")
3. 1947, George F. Kennan, containment policy; Truman's "get tough" policy
4. March 12, 1947: Greek Civil War, Truman Doctrine, U.S. aid to Greece and
    Turkey
5. Marshall Plan, June 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall
6. Communist coup: Czechoslovakia (1948)
7. recognition of the state of Israel (1948)
8. National Security Act (July 1947), Department of Defense, Pentagon, Joint
    Chiefs of Staff; National Security Council, Central Intelligence Agency
9. "Voice of America" 1948
10. military draft for men ages 18-25 (1948)
11. North Atlantic Treaty Organization, April 1949, Brussels, "cornerstone
    of Cold War American policy toward Europe"

a. What was the central principle of the Truman Doctrine?
b. What countries were the original members of NATO?
c. Why did the United States decide to break its policy against "entangling
    alliances" by joining NATO?
d. What countries joined NATO in 1952? 1955?

V. ASIA pages 898-900
 

1. Japan, General Douglas MacArthur, director of the U.S. occupation, of
    Japan, "democratization of Japan," trial of Japanese war criminals 1946-
    1948; Japanese constitution 1946; (Pacific an "Anglo-Saxon lake," 1951
    separate peace between U.S. & Japan)
2. Chinese Civil War, Jiang Jieshi (Chiang-kai-shek) Nationalists; Mao Zedong
    (Mao Tse-tung) and Zhou Enlai Communists; 1949 People's Republic of China
    (PRC); Formosa (Taiwan) - Nationalist China; (U.S. does not recognize
    Communist China, "China lobby," 1979 U.S. recognizes PRC
3. nuclear arms race; "peace through mutual terror"
4. September 1949, USSR explodes atomic bomb; Truman orders development of
    hydrogen bomb 1950; Nov. 1952 U.S. detonates first hydrogen bomb, 1954
    destruction of Bikini, Japanese fishing boat "Lucky Dragon"
5. Soviets have the H-bomb 1953; Soviets fire first intercontinental
    ballistic missile (ICBM) 1957

a. What accusation did the Republicans make against the Truman administration
    and Secretary of State Dean Acheson? What was Truman's response?
 

VI. COMMUNIST "WITCHHUNT" pages 900-901

1. 1947 Truman Loyalty Probe, 1950 federal employees fired who were deemed
    "security risks"
2. loyalty oaths required from many employees
3. 1940 Alien Registration (Smith) Act: unlawful to advocate overthrow of
    U.S. government by force or join an organization that did so; 1951 Dennis
    et al. v U.S. upheld Smith Act
4. 1938 House Committee on Un-American Activities established; 1948 Alger
    Hiss case, (Whittaker Chambers), Richard Nixon, Hiss conviction for
    perjury 1950

5. Feb., 1950 Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, redbaiter, Wisconsin Republican
6. 1950 Truman vetoes Internal Security (McCarran) Act 1950; Congress
    overrides his veto
7. (Reds, phonies, and 'parlor pinks'", blacklisting; Klaus Fuchs convicted
    in Britain for giving atomic secrets to USSR 1950)
8. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg case 1950, 1951 conviction for espionage; 1953
    Ike denies clemency; execution at Sing-Sing by electrocuted (only people
    executed in peacetime for espionage)

a. What did the McCarran Act do?

VII. ELECTION OF 1948 pages 901-903

1. 1946 Republican congressional and gubernatorial victories
2. Election of 1948, Republicans: Thomas Dewey and Earl Warren; Democrats:
    Truman and Barkley; Progressives: Henry Wallace: Dixiecrats (States
    Rights Democrats): Strom Thurmond
3. Truman's whistle-stop campaign; "Give 'em Hell," "do-nothing" Eightieth
    Congress
4. Chicago Tribune headline: "Dewey Defeats Truman"
5. Truman Inaugural Address, "Point Four" program to loan money and technical
    aid to underdeveloped countries - launched 1950
6. 1949 State of the Union Address, Fair Deal
7. Housing Act of 1949: urban redevelopment (slum clearance), construction of
    public housing for low-income people, FHA mortgages
8. Social Security Act of 1950
9. 1948 General Motors and United Auto Workers agree on automatic cost-of-
    living adjustments (COLAs), spread to other industries

a. Why were Southerners opposed to Truman?
b. What groups made up the 1948 Progressive Party?
c. What was Wallace's platform?
d. What was Truman's platform?
e. To whom did Truman owe his 1948 victory?
f. What were the components of Truman's Fair Deal?
 

VIII. THE KOREAN CONFLICT pages 903-905

1. 38th. parallel; Secretary of State Dean Acheson (1949-1953) declares
    Korea "outside the essential United States defense perimeter in the
    Pacific" 1950
2. June 25 1950, People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) invades Republic
    of Korea (South Korea); (North Korea, Kim Il-sung; South Korea, Syngman
    Rhee)
3. South Korean troops pushed back to Pusan
4. April 1950, NSC-68 report recommends huge defense expenditures
5. "police action"; MacArthur becomes commander of UN forces in Korea
6. Inchon landing Sept. 15 1950, liberation of Seoul; UN forces cross the
    38th. parallel; air strikes along the Yalu River; Nov. 26 1950 Chinese
    troops counterattack
7. MacArthur denounces limited war; General Omar Bradley (Chairman of the
    Joint Chiefs of Staff), "the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong
    time, and with the wrong enemy"; April 11, 1951 Truman fires MacArthur
8. armistice talks (July 1951-July 1953), Eisenhower visits Korea, POW issue,
    armistice signed July 1953
9. ANZUS Treaty (1951)

a. Why didn't the USSR veto the UN decision to condemn North Korean
    aggression and to defend South Korea?
 

IX. WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR? page 906

1. 1945-1965: fault attributed to Soviets
2. 1960's revisionism: Soviets defensive after WWII, Americans wielded
    atomic weapon threat
3. radical revisionists: post WWII US foreign policy an extension of
    economic imperialism, including the war in Vietnam
4. Domino Theory
5. 1970's postrevisionists: search for security resulted in U.S. attempt to
    attain a "preponderance of power"; Vietnam conflict the result of failure
    to correctly interpret the facts
 

THE EISENHOWER ERA 1952-1960, Ch. 40, pages 908-935

I. THE ELECTION OF 1952 pages 908-910

1. Election of 1952, Republicans: Eisenhower and Nixon; "It's Time for a
    Change," "I Like Ike,"; Democrats: Adlai Stevenson
2. Robert Taft, Senator from Ohio, "Mr. Republican"
3. Eisenhower: supreme commander of Allied forces in Europe, army Chief of
    Staff, president of Columbia University 1948-50, first Supreme Commander
    of NATO 1950-52
4. Nixon; redhunter; "slush fund" charges; "Checkers" speech
5. Ike pledges to go to Korea; "coattails" effect

a. Beginning with the election of 1952, what has been the effect of
    television on presidential politics?
b. What were the costs of war in Korea?
c. What were the results of the Korean Conflict?
 

II. EISENHOWER AND MCCARTHYISM pages 910-912

1. Feb. 1950, McCarthy attacks State Department, Dean Acheson, list of 205
    Communists, "57 card-carrying members," none
2. J. Robert Oppenheimer's security clearance suspended 1953
3. 1954 Communist Control Act: effectively made membership in Communist
    Party illegal
4. Army-McCarthy hearings, 1954, Joseph Welch (counsel for the army),
    "Have you no sense of decency, sir?"
5. Senate condemnation of McCarthy, Dec. 1954, "sullying the dignity of the
    Senate"; McCarthy dies 1957
 

III. EISENHOWER AND CIVIL RIGHTS pages 912-916

1. Jim Crow laws, vigilante violence
2. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma (1945): showed contradiction of
    American belief in freedom vs. treatment of black citizens
3. 1947 Jackie Robinson breaks the racial barrier in major league baseball
4. late 1930's, NAACP's Legal Defense Fund, Thurgood Marshall (1967 - first
    African-American SC justice)

5. Smith v Allwright (1944): outlawed whites-only primaries
6. Sweatt v. Painter (1950): ruled that separate professional schools for
    blacks did not meet test of equality
7. 1955 Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Strike, Martin Luther King, Jr.,
    nonviolent protest, 1956 Alabama's Jim Crow laws struck down by SC;
    1957 Southern Christian Leadership Conference
8. Dec. 1946, President's Committee on Civil Rights, "To Secure These
    Rights"; Truman ends segregation in federal civil service 1948; Truman
    orders equality of treatment and opportunity in the armed forces;
    integration of combat units in Korea
9. (Morgan v Virginia (1946): outlawed segregation in interstate bus
    transportation; Shelley v Kraemer (1948): outlawed neighborhood covenants
10. Chief Justice Earl Warren; judicial activism; May 1954, Brown v Board of
     Education of Topeka, struck down "separate but equal" concept in public
     schools, reversed Plessy v Ferguson (1896); 1955 desegregation order
     "with all deliberate speed"
11. White Citizens' Councils: blocked integration attempts
12. Little Rock Arkansas, 1957, Governor Orval Faubus, Central High School,
     Arkansas National Guard
13. Civil Rights Act of 1957, Civil Rights Commission
14. Greensboro lunchcounter sit-in Feb. 1, 1960
15. 1960 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee(SNCC), "We Shall Overcome"
16. Voting Rights Act of 1960

a. Why were the courts the avenue of last resort for civil rights activists
    in the 1950's?
b. How did some southern states respond to the Brown case?
c. Why did Ike send troops to escort nine black students to classes at
    Little Rock's Central High School?
 

IV. EISENHOWER AND THE DOMESTIC FRONT pages 916-918

1. "dynamic conservatism," goal to balance the federal budget (achieved 3
    times during Ike's terms in office); to guard against "creeping
    socialism"; to restore free market conditions
2. 1953 Operation Wetback: purpose to round up illegal immigrants
3. 1953 termination policy for Native Americans, abandoned 1961
4. (Agricultural Act of 1954: cut price supports)
5. (1954 legislation for construction of St. Lawrence Seaway)
6. (1954 amendment to Social Security Act raised benefits and added workers)
7. (Atomic Energy Act of 1954)
8. Interstate Highway Act of 1956: largest public works program in American
    history; (Ike a "fifth-column Democrat")
9. 1959 biggest peacetime deficit thus far
10. 1957-58 recession
11. merger of AFL and CIO 1955

a. What did Ike mean by a policy of "dynamic conservatism"?
b. What was Ike's "Termination Policy" as related to Native Americans?
c. What problems were caused by the 1956 Highway Act? 

V. EISENHOWER AND THE FOREIGN FRONT pages 918-921

1. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, 1954 plan to established the
    Strategic Air Command (SAC): massive retaliation through use of nuclear
    bombs; "more bang for the buck"
2. Joseph Stalin dies 1953; summit meeting with Nikita Khrushchev (1955);
    USSR rejects Ike's "open skies" proposal
3. Soviets crush Hungarian Revolt 1956; U.S. does not answer Hungarian plee
    for aid
4. Eisenhower's farewell address 1960, warns against military-industrial
    complex
5. [Indochina: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos; Vietnam: 1950-1975; nationalist
    movements in French Indochina; Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam; Ho declares
    independence Sept. 1945; Truman administration endorses restoration of
    French rule, Vietminh vs.French 1946; U.S. recognizes French puppet
    government under Bao Dai, agrees to send weapons and military advisors to
    the French 1950U.S. aid to France (80% of the costs of war in Indochina)]
6. Eisenhower continues Truman's policies, domino theory
7. May 7, 1954 fall of French at Dienbienphu
8. 1954 Geneva Accords: Vietnam divided at the 17th. parallel, planned
    unification after 1956 elections
9. Ngo Dinh Diem replaces Bao Dai, South Vietnam, Saigon; U.S. aid to South
    Vietnam; 1960 formation of National Liberation Front (Vietcong)
10. SEATO: Southeast Asia Treaty Organization 1954
11. West Germany joins NATO 1955; Warsaw Pact 1955
12. May 1955 USSR ends occupation of Austria
13. Summit Meeting July 1955, "Spirit of Geneva"; 1956 Khrushchev renounces
     Stalin regime
14. Central Intelligence Agency, covert activities, ("disinformation,"
     "plausible deniability"); coup in Iran (1953), Shah Mohammed Reza
     Pahlevi, purpose to maintain Iranian oil for the West
15. 1956 Suez Crisis; Egyptian president Gamal Abdul Nasser; pan-Arabic
     movement promotes Arab nationalism; France and Britain attack Egypt
     October 1956, Ike refuses to release emergency supplies of oil, Britain
     and France withdraw their troops
16. Eisenhower Doctrine 1957: U.S. would intervene with economic and military
     aid in the Middle East if any government threatened by a Communist take-
     over asked for help
17. formation of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries) 1960:
     Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, Venezuela

a. What were the drawbacks of the massive retaliation policy?
b. Why did the U.S. withdraw the offer to help Egypt build a dam? What did
    Egypt do?
c. What was the "real threat" to American interests in the Middle East rather
    than Communism?
 

VI. ELECTION OF 1956 pages 921-922

1. Election of 1956, Republicans: Eisenhower and Nixon; Democrats: Stevenson
2. Republican "stand-pattism; "Tricky Dick" Nixon; Democrats win Congress
3. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, expelled from AFL-CIO 1957,
    James Hoffa Teamster chief (disappeared 1975)
4. 1959 Landrum-Griffin Act: purpose to prevent financial wrongdoing by labor
    leaders and to prevent bullying tactics by labor

VII. THE SPACE RACE BEGINS pages 922-923

1. Sputnik October 4, 1957
2. "missile gap," "rocket fever," 1958 US launches "grapefruit" satellite
3. National Defense Education Act 1958, "the engine of democracy"
4. (Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin April 1961; Alan Shepard May 1961; Colonel John
    Glenn Feb. 1962; Apollo program; Neil Armstrong 1969

a. How was space achievement used to promote the Cold War?
b. What was the effect of Sputnik on American education?

VIII. THE COLD WAR CONTINUES pages 923-924

1. (Eisenhower's arms control proposals, 1953 "atoms for peace"; Khrushchev
    calls for "peaceful co-existence" 1956)
2. CIA-inspired coup Guatemala (1954)
3. (Quemoy and Matsu Incident 1954, Formosa Resolution 1955)
4. (Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE) 1957)
5. July 1958, U.S. aid to Lebanon
6. (National Aeronautics and Space Administration founded 1958)
7. Batista regime overthrown in Cuba; Fidel Castro 1959; expropriation of
    American-owned property; US imposes embargo; Cuba becomes Societ
    satellite; U.S. breaks off diplomatic relations 1961
8. Khrushchev-Eisenhower summit 1959; "Spirit of Camp David"; summit planned
    for May, 1960
9. U-2 Incident 1960, Francis Gary Powers; Paris summit ends abruptly
10. August 1960 OAS condemns Communist infiltration of the Americas
11. (1960 U.S. has Polaris missile-bearing submarines)
12. (triad of long-range bombers, submarine-launched ballistic missiles
     (SLBM), and ICBM's)
13. U.S. and USSR unilaterally suspend atmospheric testing (1958-1961)
 

IX. ELECTION OF 1960 pages 924-927

1. Election of 1960, Republicans: Nixon and Lodge; Democrats: Kennedy and
    Lyndon Johnson; Catholic issue, U-2 incident, televised debates
2. Nixon: world "troubleshooter" role; "kitchen debate" with Khrushchev in
    Moscow 1959
3. Kennedys "New Frontier"
4. 22nd. Amendment 1951: presidential two-term limit

a. How did Martin Luther King's imprisonment influence the election of 1960?
b. What reputation did Eisenhower leave the White House with?

X. LIFE IN THE FIFTIES pages 927-932

1. [television, advertising, first TV commercial Bulova Watch Company 1941,
    "keeping up with the Joneses"; Pocket Books (1939), comic books (Superman
    1939); 45-rpm records: Bill Haley and the Comets, Chuck Berry, Everly
    Brothers, Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, Buddy Holly; be-bop, Charlie
    Parker, Dizzy Gillespie; Martha Graham (dance), Jackson Pollock (abstract
    expressionist painting), Andy Warhol (pop art); Slinky (1947), Silly Putty
    (1950), 3-D movies, Hula Hoops (1958)]
2. invention of the transistor 1948; silicon microchip (1960's); electronics
    explosion; IBM; information age
3. aerospace industry; 1957 Boeing 707; 1959 Air Force One

4. postindustrial era 1956, majority of white collar workers
5. union membership peaks 1954
6. a new "cult of domesticity"
7. "pink-collar ghetto": occupations dominated by women; 1963 Betty Friedan,
    The Feminine Mystique, classic of feminine protest literature
8. introduction of the plastic credit card, Diners Club, 1950
9. 1954 first McDonald's hamburger stand
10. 1955 Disneyland opens in California
11. televangelists, Billy Graham, Oral Roberts, Fulton J. Sheen
12. westward movement of sport franchises
13. Elvis Presley, rock and roll, "crossover" music
14. sex sells; Marilyn Monroe; Playboy 1955
15. "Age of Conformity"
16. postwar generation "pack of conformists"; David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd
    1950; William H. Whyte, Jr., The Organization Man 1956; Sloan Wilson,
    The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit, 1955
17. Consensus mood; John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society 1958:
     private wealth vs. public good, call for social spending
18. consumer ethic undermining work ethic: C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite
     1956

a. What was the effect of television on the motion picture industry?
 

XI. THE LITERATURE OF POSTWAR AMERICA pages 932-934

1-8: WASP elite that dominated American writing

1. Ernest Hemingway, Old Man and the Sea, 1952
2. John Steinbeck, East of Eden 1952, Travels with Charley 1962
3. Norman Mailer, The Naked and the Dead, 1948
4. James Jones, From Here to Eternity 1951
5. Joseph Heller, Catch-22, 1961
6. Kurt Vonnegut,Jr., Slaughterhouse-Five 1969
7. John Updike, Rabbit,Run 1960, Couples 1968
8. Gore Vidal, historical novels, Myra Breckinridge 1968

9-12 Poetry

9. Ezra Pound, jailed for alleged collaboration with Fascists
10. Wallace Stevens
11. Robert Lowell, For the Union Dead 1964
12. Sylvia Plath, Ariel 1966; novel The Bell Jar 1963

13-16 Drama

13. Tennessee Williams, A Streetcar Named Desire 1947, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
     1955
14. Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman 1949, The Crucible 1953
15. Lorraine Hansberry, A Raisin in the Sun, 1959
16. Edward Albee, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 1962

17-19 Black Authors

17. Richard Wright, Native Son 1940
18. Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man 1952
19. James Baldwin, The Fire Next Time 1963

20-22 Southern Renaissance

20. William Faulkner
21. Robert Penn Warren, All the King's Men 1946
22. William Styron, The Confessions of Nat Turner 1967

23-27 Jewish Novelists

23. J.D. Salinger, Catcher in the Rye 1951
24. Bernard Malamud, The Natural 1952
25. Philip Roth, Goodbye, Columbus 1959, Portnoy's Complaint 1969
26. Saul Bellow, The Adventures of Augie March, 1953, Herzog 1962
27. E.L. Doctorow, The Book of Daniel 1971, Ragtime 1975, Billy Bathgate 1989
 

THE STORMY SIXTIES 1960-1968, Ch. 41, pages 936-963

I. THE NEW FRONTIER pages 936-938

1. Kennedy goal "to get the country moving again."; assembled the "best and
    the brightest" to help him
2. 1960's: sexual revolution, civil rights revolution, a youth culture,
    Vietnam War, beginning of a feminist revolution
3. Robert Kennedy, Attorney General; J. Edgar Hoover, FBI director
4. Robert McNamara, Secretary of Defense
5. Peace Corps
6. Kennedy's inaugural address, "Let every nation know that we shall pay
    any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend,
    oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty."
    "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your
    country.
7. Robert Frost at the Kennedy inaugural
8. 1962 fracas with the steel industry concerning price increases
9. June 1961 Summit Meeting in Vienna with Khrushchev
10. August 1961, Berlin Wall
11. Marshall Plan, Common Market (European Union)
12. Trade Expansion Act 1962: tariff cuts of up to 50% to promote trade with
     Common Market countries; "Kennedy Round" of tariff negotiations

a. What distinctions did Kennedy hold as president?
b. What were Bobby Kennedy's goals in regard to the FBI?
c. What issues were part of Kennedy's legislative agenda?
d. How did Kennedy achieve a more cooperative Congress?
e. What methods did Kennedy use to stimulate the economy?
f. What was the purpose of the Berlin Wall?
g. Why did Charles de Gaulle oppose American policymakers and their promotion
of an "Atlantic Community"?

II. KENNEDY: THE COLD WAR WARRIOR pages 938-942

1. decolonization; U.S.: Philippines 1946; Britain: India, Pakistan
    (Bangladesh) 1947, Burma, Ceylon 1948; Netherlands: Indonesia 1949;
    France: Indochina 1954
2. 1943-1989: 96 countries gained independence; 1960: 18 new African nations;
    Congo, independence from Belgium 1960; CIA operations: murder of Premier
    Patrice Lumumba (Congo 1961)

3. Civil War in Laos, Geneva Conference peace 1962
4. Kennedy's "flexible response" accelerated arms race by increased spending
    on conventional military forces, Special Forces, Green Berets
5. 1961 Kennedy's Project Beef-up: increase in number of American military
    advisors; Strategic Hamlet Program
6. Diem removed by American-inspired coup November, 1963
7. Alliance for Progress (1961
8. Cuba, 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion; CIA operations: Operation Mongoose:
    attempt to assassinate Castro, Attorney General Robert Kennedy
9. Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962, Secretary of State Dean Rusk,
    Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, naval quarantine plan
10. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Limited Test Ban Treaty 1963
11. Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko, August 1963 "hot line"
12. "peaceful co-existence," "detente"

a. How was the Cuban missile crisis ended?
b. What were the repercussions of the missile crisis in the USSR?
 

III. CIVIL RIGHTS, SIXTIES STYLE pages 942-945

1. first Freedom Ride (May 1961), civil rights activists, nonviolent civil
    disobedience, federal marshals sent to protect the Freedom Riders
2. Robert Kennedy has MLK's phone wiretapped 1963
3. Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Voter Education Project
4. James Meredith, University of Mississippi, 1962
5. Birmingham, Alabama; Martin Luther King Jr., Southern Christian Leadership
    Conference (SCLC); March on Washington, August 28 1963, "I have a dream"
    speech
6. Murder of Medgar Evers, director of the Mississippi NAACP, August 28, 1963
7. Birmingham Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing, Sept. 1963
 
 

a. Why did Kennedy move slowly on civil rights issues?
 

IV. THE END OF CAMELOT pages 945-946

1. November 22, 1963, Kennedy assassination, Lee Harvey Oswald, Jack Ruby;
    Chief Justice Earl Warren, Warren Commission
2. Lyndon Baines Johnson, Democratic Senate majority leader (1954-1960)
3. first State of the Union Address, "The administration today, here and
    now, declares unconditional war on poverty."; Economic Opportunity Act
    of 1964: allocated $1 billion to fight poverty
4. Civil Rights Acts of 1964: outlawed discrimination in public
    accommodations and employment; Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
    (EEOC); Title VII: gender equity; 1965 executive order to federal
    contractors requiring affirmative action
5. The Great Society; Michael Harrington, The Other America 1962

V. JOHNSON IN '64 pages 947-949

1. Election of 1964, Democrats: "Landslide Lyndon"; Republicans: Senator
    Barry Goldwater from Arizona
2. August 2-4 1964, Tonkin Gulf Incident, "unprovoked" attack met with
    limited retaliatory air raid, Tonkin Gulf Resolution
3. R. Sargent Shriver, administered War of Poverty (head of the Office of
    Economic Opportunity)

4. Department of Transportation; Department of Housing and Urban Development:
    first black Cabinet Secretary, Robert C. Weaver
5. National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities
6. "Big Four" legislative achievements 1965: Elementary and Secondary
    Education Act; Medicare and Medicaid; Immigration and Nationality Act of
    1965: abolished 1921 quota restrictions, family unification program;
    Voting Rights Act
7. entitlements, "rights revolution"
8. War on Poverty: Job Corps, Project Head Start, Upward Bound, Legal
    Services for the Poor, VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America), Model
    Cities Program
9. 1968 Civil Rights Act: banned discrimination in the sale of rental of
    housing, Indian Bill of Rights

a. What was the Goldwater platform in 1964?
 

VI. THE BLACK REVOLUTION pages 949-951

1. 24th. Amendment 1964: abolished poll tax in federal elections
2. Mississippi Summer Project of 1964, "Freedom Summer"
3. summer of 1964, Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, "long hot summers"
4. 1965 King march to Montgomery, Alabama from Selma
5. Watts Race Riot (Los Angeles) 1965; 1966 Cleveland; 1967 Newark, Detroit;
    "Burn, baby, burn."
6. Malcolm X, Nation of Islam, Black Muslims, separatism, 1965 murder
7. Black Panther Party
8. 1966, Stokely Carmichael, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
    (SNCC), Black Power, black nationalism
9. April 4, 1968, assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.;Memphis; James
    Earl Ray

a. What was the main goal of the black movement in the South in 1964?
 

VII. JOHNSON AND THE COMMUNIST THREAT pages 952-956

1. April, 1965 coup in the Dominican Republic, LBJ sends American troops
2. Pleiku, February 1965, Operation Rolling Thunder, deployment of more
    American troops (peak 1969 - 543,400)
3. escalation, Americanization of the Vietnam War, hawks, "domino theory"
4. [war of attrition; pacification camps; "Charlies," "gooks"; chemical
    defoliants (Agent Orange); "grunts," "boonierats"; medic, "medivac,"
    MASH units; desertions, AWOL, racial tensions, drug abuse, fragging;
    "friendly fire"; "search and destroy missions," My Lai massacre (March
    1968)
5. Israeli Six-Day War June, 1967
6. antiwar demonstrations, draft resisters
7. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Senator William Fullbright,
    Fullbright Hearings; LBJ "credibility gap"; doves
8. LBJ orders CIA to spy on antiwar activists and the FBI to infiltrate
    peace groups
9. January 1968, Tet offensive
10. Eugene McCarthy and Robert Kennedy enter the 1969 race for the
     presidential nomination

11. March 31 1968, Johnson stops the bombing of most of North Vietnam, asks
     for the beginning of peace negotiations, and announces he will not run
     for re-election
12. May 1968, peace talks begin in Paris, ground war continues
 

VIII. ELECTION OF 1968 pages 956-958

1. June 5, 1968, Robert Kennedy assassination, Sirhan Sirhan, Los Angeles
2. August 1968, Democratic National Convention (Chicago), Mayor Richard
    Daley; Youth International Party (Yippies); Hubert Humphrey and Edmund
    Muskie
3. Republicans: Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew
4. American Independent Party: George Wallace (1963, University of Alabama
    anti-integration stand) and Curtis LeMay; largest third party vote in the
    history of the United States

a. What did the 1968 Republican platform call for?
b. What distinction did Nixon hold as a president-elect?

IX. CULTURAL UPHEAVAL pages 959-960

1. skepticism in relation to authority; 1950's roots: Beat Generation poet
    Allen Ginsberg (Howl 1956) and novelist Jack Kerouac (On the Road 1957)
    and movie Rebel Without a Cause (1955), James Dean
2. University of California Berkeley campus, 1964, Free Speech Movement
3. counterculture, Timothy Leary, LSD,"turn on, tune in, drop out"
4. sexual revolution; 1960 birth control pill; Dr. Alfred Kinsey, Sexual
    Behavior in the Human Male (1948),...Female (1953)
5. Gay Rights Movement, Mattachine Society 1951; Stonewall Inn (Greenwich
    Village) June 1969, "Gay Power"
6. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) 1962, Port Huron Statement
7. [Music: Bob Dylan, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Woodstock 1969
8. Haight-Ashbury (San Francisco), "flower children," "Hashbury"; communes
9. "Make Love, Not War," teach-ins, antiwar marches and demonstrations]